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Towards More Sustainable Agro\u002Dfood Systems in Indonesia Image
Discussion paper

Towards More Sustainable Agro-food Systems in Indonesia

Membantu Petani Keluar dari Perangkap Kemiskinan melalui Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Image
Discussion paper

Membantu Petani Keluar dari Perangkap Kemiskinan melalui Penghidupan Berkelanjutan

Helping Farmers Escape the Poverty Trap through Sustainable Livelihoods Image
Discussion paper

Helping Farmers Escape the Poverty Trap through Sustainable Livelihoods

Towards More Sustainable Agro\u002Dfood Systems in Indonesia Image
Towards More Sustainable Agro\u002Dfood Systems in Indonesia Image
Discussion paper

Towards More Sustainable Agro-food Systems in Indonesia

Membantu Petani Keluar dari Perangkap Kemiskinan melalui Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Image
Membantu Petani Keluar dari Perangkap Kemiskinan melalui Penghidupan Berkelanjutan Image
Discussion paper

Membantu Petani Keluar dari Perangkap Kemiskinan melalui Penghidupan Berkelanjutan

Helping Farmers Escape the Poverty Trap through Sustainable Livelihoods Image
Helping Farmers Escape the Poverty Trap through Sustainable Livelihoods Image
Discussion paper

Helping Farmers Escape the Poverty Trap through Sustainable Livelihoods

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Mengkaji Hambatan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh di Indonesia di Masa Pandemi Covid\u002D19 Image
Policy brief

Mengkaji Hambatan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh di Indonesia di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Pesan Utama: - Penyebaran pandemi Covid-19 yang cepat telah menyebabkan gangguan pada sektor pendidikan Indonesia di mana sekitar 45 juta siswa tidak dapat melanjutkan kegiatan belajar mereka di sekolah. - Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) dan Kementerian Agama (Kemenag) perlu mempertimbangkan pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh yang disesuaikan dengan perbedaan karakteristik daerah-daerah di Indonesia. Pembelajaran jarak jauh menambah hambatan bagi para siswa yang sudah sulit untuk mengakses pendidikan, maka itu diversifikasi media penyampaian selain internet perlu dipertimbangkan. Opsinya bisa berupa program radio atau menggunakan layanan pos untuk daerah-daerah dengan konektivitas rendah. - Pemerintah daerah perlu memainkan peran yang lebih aktif dalam membantu sekolah-sekolah tanpa harus menunggu inisiatif dari pemerintah pusat. Selain menggunakan dana Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) yang sudah ada, dinas pendidikan daerah harus menyediakan dukungan dana dan panduan teknis lebih lanjut bagi sekolah-sekolah di daerah mereka, seperti misalnya akses ke studio rekaman dan perlengkapannya, guna melancarkan adopsi pembelajaran jarak jauh. Panduan semacam itu juga sebaiknya tidak melupakan sekolah-sekolah komunitas swasta. - Indonesia perlu memulai program peningkatan kapasitas berskala besar agar dapat menjalankan pembelajaran jarak jauh yang lebih baik di seluruh wilayah. Upaya tersebut membutuhkan strategi dan supervisi penggunaan BOS, meningkatkan kapasitas para kepala sekolah dan mengizinkan mereka untuk mendapatkan otonomi yang lebih luas di sekolah, serta memperlengkapi guru dengan keterampilan teknis dan non-teknis untuk pembelajaran jarak jauh. - Krisis Covid-19 menunjukkan adanya kebutuhan berskala besar akan kemitraan negara dan swasta antara kementerian terkait (Kemendikbud dan Kemenag) dengan penyedia jasa telekomunikasi dan perangkat kerasnya. Kemitraan tersebut bisa menggunakan infrastruktur yang sudah ada untuk memperluas pelaksanaan pembelajaran jarak jauh di seluruh wilayah Indonesia.
Peran Perdagangan Bebas dalam Menciptakan Kesejahteraan Image
Book

Peran Perdagangan Bebas dalam Menciptakan Kesejahteraan

Apakah pasar bebas mengharuskan negara membuka pasar sebebas-bebasnya untuk asing? Apakah pasar bebas menyebabkan defisit transaksi berjalan? Apakah liberalisasi ekonomi sama dengan menjual negara kepada pihak asing? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan seputar perdagangan bebas seperti di atas merupakan topik yang selalu hangat untuk didiskusikan oleh berbagai kalangan. Kontroversi dan mitos selalu mewarnai pembicaraan terkait perdagangan bebas, baik dalam lingkup ekonom maupun masyarakat awam. Opini dan fakta kerap sulit dibedakan kala membahas topik terkait. Untuk mengakhiri mitos yang telah lama menyebabkan perdebatan tanpa ujung, buku ini menyajikan fakta-fakta menarik dari perdagangan bebas, dengan menggunakan sudut pandang pembaca agar lebih mudah dipahami. Dalam buku ini, Donald J. Boudreaux menjelaskan bahwa semua pihak yang menjadi bagian dari perdagangan bebas akan memperoleh keuntungan. Misalnya dalam hal produksi, perdagangan bebas mendorong adanya peluang dan insentif serta mekanisasi dan inovasi untuk spesialisasi. Sehingga, ketakutan terhadap perdagangan bebas yang akan menyebabkan penyempitan lapangan kerja justru menjadi tidak beralasan. Pada akhirnya, baik proteksionisme maupun perdagangan bebas, kedua hal tersebut tidak menghilangkan atau menambah lapangan pekerjaan, namun hanya mengubah jenis pekerjaan. Jika pemahaman terkait perdagangan bebas layaknya yang ada dalam buku ini dipahami oleh berbagai kalangan, maka asumsi-asumsi, ketakutan, dan sentimen terhadap perdagangan bebas akan menjadi cerita masa lalu.
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Empowering Parents \u002D Innovative Policies to Improve School Quality and Funding Image
Policy analysis

Empowering Parents - Innovative Policies to Improve School Quality and Funding

The current education system in Indonesia has shown limited success. While it manages to widen participation access to allow primary students and junior secondary students to enjoy basic education, with figures reaching 99% and 94% respectively (BPS, 2015), it is the quality of education that has been of concern. With the budget size available for national education, improving the quality of education is the mandate of all parties concerned. The quality of education is below expectation as attested by a number of education quality measurement indices. There has been a significant drop in the average score in the national examination between 2015 and 2016, from 61.29 to 54.78 (Antaranews, 2016). Student performance in basic school subjects such as Mathematics and Science have also seen a decline as evidenced by research conducted by Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Studies (PIRLS), showing the national student performance lag behind that of other countries in the world. The budget allocation for education has also been under scrutiny, where there is a discrepancy between what is expected in the raising of Indonesian teacher salaries. The raise in salary does not actually correspond to a recorded improvement of teachers as suggested by De Ree J (2012). Findings from the World Bank that suggests most of the government spending on education went to teacher allowances, at $3.5 billion out of the total education spending of $7 billion. One of the possibilities for this discrepancy is identified in the absence of the empowerment of students and their parents. In many of the cases observed, parents are yet to voice their concern over the management of the educational system. Schools do not usually attend to the needs and suggestions of parents, as schools understand that they need only to report to the government agencies responsible for education. On the other hand, parents in private school demonstratemore power to participate in education systems as schools usually recognize their role as significant sources of funding for the school. This paper argues that in order to improve the school management and quality of education, the system of school financing needs to change. Students, represented by their parents, should have the liberty to control their finances and choose the schools deemed relevant to their own needs. By handing the power to choose to the hands of the parents/students, they can be held accountable for their own choice of education. By attaching education financing to the parents/students, it is argued that the students will have more power to choose which schools will give them better services and it will also bring more accountability to students as the real beneficiaries of education (Shah and Braun-Munzinger, 2006; Astle, S. Bryant, and C. Hotham,2011; Sjunnesson, 2012). This system has been implemented in several places with varying degrees of success, in countries such as the United States, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Chile. There are four types school choice programs, namely school vouchers, education saving accounts (ESA), tax credit scholarship and individual tax credits and deduction. This paper will review the advantages and disadvantages of this program, by drawing on someexamples of best practice from some of the countries mentioned above. However, this paper will introduce and discuss the first two forms of school choice; school vouchers and Education Saving Account (ESA), as the tax credit scholarship and individual tax credits and deduction schemes use a tax-based approach which would be difficult to be implement in Indonesia since the Indonesian tax system is not as advanced as developed countries. As a study of school choice programs aimed at providing policy recommendations for the improvement of education performance in Indonesia, this paper will start by discussing the concept of school choice including school voucher and ESA programs and their respective benefits to the education system. The second section will discuss the implementation of school vouchers and ESA program worldwide and analyze success stories as well as the shortcomings in the implementation of both programs as a lesson learned for Indonesia. The last section will present some policy recommendations in order to provide policy frameworks that suit the implementation of school choice programs.
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